021Transition metal · Group 3 · Period 4
Scandium
Scandium (Sc) is element 21, a transition metal in the d-block — group 3, period 4. It is a solid at room temperature with 4 electron shells (2, 8, 9, 2) and an atomic mass of 44.9559085 u.
- Atomic mass
- 44.96 u
- Phase · STP
- solid
- Melting
- 1814 K · 1541 °C
- Boiling
- 3109 K · 2836 °C
- Electronegativity
- 1.36
- Density
- 2.985 g/cm³
Photograph — JanDerChemiker, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Identity
- Atomic number
- 21
- Standard atomic weight
- 44.96 u
- Category
- Transition metal
- Group
- 3
- Period
- 4
- Block
- d-block
- Oxidation states
- +3
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 1814 K · 1541 °C
- Boiling point
- 3109 K · 2836 °C
- Density
- 2.985 g/cm³
- Molar heat capacity
- 25.52 J/(mol·K)
- Atomic radius
- 211 pm
- Electron affinity
- 18 kJ/mol
Atomic structure
21protons
24neutrons
21electrons
2valence e⁻
- Noble-gas notation
- [Ar] 3d1 4s2
- Full configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 9, 2
Periodic trends
Where Scandium ranks across all 118 elements.
Ionization energies
Energy to remove each successive electron (kJ/mol).
633.11
1.2k2
2.4k3
7.1k4
8.8k5
10.7k6
13.3k7
15.3k8
17.4k9
21.7k10
Successive ionization energies (kJ/mol, log scale).
Discovery
- Discovered
- 1879
- Discovered by
- Lars Fredrik Nilson
- Named by
- —
- Appearance
- silvery white