082Post-transition metal · Group 14 · Period 6
Lead
Lead (Pb) is element 82, a post-transition metal in the p-block — group 14, period 6. It is a solid at room temperature with 6 electron shells (2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4) and an atomic mass of 207.21 u.
- Atomic mass
- 207.2 u
- Phase · STP
- solid
- Melting
- 601 K · 327 °C
- Boiling
- 2022 K · 1749 °C
- Electronegativity
- 1.87
- Density
- 11.34 g/cm³
Photograph — Chemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/lead.php
Identity
- Atomic number
- 82
- Standard atomic weight
- 207.2 u
- Category
- Post-transition metal
- Group
- 14
- Period
- 6
- Block
- p-block
- Oxidation states
- +4, +2
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 601 K · 327 °C
- Boiling point
- 2022 K · 1749 °C
- Density
- 11.34 g/cm³
- Molar heat capacity
- 26.65 J/(mol·K)
- Atomic radius
- 202 pm
- Electron affinity
- 34.4204 kJ/mol
Atomic structure
82protons
125neutrons
82electrons
4valence e⁻
- Noble-gas notation
- [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
- Full configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Periodic trends
Where Lead ranks across all 118 elements.
Ionization energies
Energy to remove each successive electron (kJ/mol).
715.61
1.5k2
3.1k3
4.1k4
6.6k5
Successive ionization energies (kJ/mol, log scale).
Discovery
- Discovered
- Ancient
- Discovered by
- Middle East
- Named by
- —
- Appearance
- metallic gray