079Transition metal · Group 11 · Period 6
Gold
Gold (Au) is element 79, a transition metal in the d-block — group 11, period 6. It is a solid at room temperature with 6 electron shells (2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1) and an atomic mass of 196.9665695 u.
- Atomic mass
- 197.0 u
- Phase · STP
- solid
- Melting
- 1337 K · 1064 °C
- Boiling
- 3243 K · 2970 °C
- Electronegativity
- 2.54
- Density
- 19.3 g/cm³
Photograph — Hi-Res Images ofChemical Elements, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/gold.php
Identity
- Atomic number
- 79
- Standard atomic weight
- 197.0 u
- Category
- Transition metal
- Group
- 11
- Period
- 6
- Block
- d-block
- Oxidation states
- +3, +1
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 1337 K · 1064 °C
- Boiling point
- 3243 K · 2970 °C
- Density
- 19.3 g/cm³
- Molar heat capacity
- 25.418 J/(mol·K)
- Atomic radius
- 166 pm
- Electron affinity
- 222.747 kJ/mol
Atomic structure
79protons
118neutrons
79electrons
1valence e⁻
- Noble-gas notation
- [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
- Full configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d10
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
Periodic trends
Where Gold ranks across all 118 elements.
Ionization energies
Energy to remove each successive electron (kJ/mol).
890.11
2.0k2
Successive ionization energies (kJ/mol, log scale).
Discovery
- Discovered
- Ancient
- Discovered by
- Middle East
- Named by
- —
- Appearance
- metallic yellow